Human Chromogranin-A, CGA ELI

[Pancreastatin]: Strongly inhibits glucose induced insulin release from the pancreas.

[Catestatin]: Inhibits catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons by acting as a non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist (PubMed: 15326220).

Displays antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria S.aureus and M.luteus, and Gram-negative bacteria E.coli and P.aeruginosa (PubMed: 15723172 and PubMed: 24723$458.00|$300.00).

Can induce mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines (PubMed: 21214543).

Acts as a potent scavenger of free radicals in vitro (PubMed: 24723$458.00|$300.00).

May play a role in the regulation of cardiac function and blood pressure (PubMed: 18541522).

[Serpinin]: Regulates granule biogenesis in endocrine cells by up-regulating the transcription of protease nexin 1 (SERPINE2) via a cAMP-PKA-SP1 pathway.

This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation.