Human Interferon-induced Helicase C Domain-containing Protein 1, IFIH1 ELI

Innate immune receptor which acts as a cytoplasmic sensor of viral nucleic acids and plays a major role in sensing viral infection and in the activation of a cascade of antiviral responses including the induction of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines.

Its ligands include mRNA lacking 2'-O-methylation at their 5' cap and long-dsRNA (>1 kb in length).

Upon ligand binding it associates with mitochondria antiviral signaling protein (MAVS/IPS1) which activates the IKK-related kinases: TBK1 and IKBKE which phosphorylate interferon regulatory factors: IRF3 and IRF7 which in turn activate transcription of antiviral immunological genes, including interferons (IFNs); IFN-alpha and IFN-beta.

Responsible for detecting the Picornaviridae family members such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and mengo encephalomyocarditis virus (ENMG).

Detects coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (PubMed: 24686847).

Can also detect other viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), west Nile virus (WNV), and reovirus.

Also involved in antiviral signaling in response to viruses containing a dsDNA genome, such as vaccinia virus.

Plays an important role in amplifying innate immune signaling through recognition of RNA metabolites that are produced during virus infection by ribonuclease L (RNase L).

May play an important role in enhancing natural killer cell function and may be involved in growth inhibition and apoptosis in several tumor cell lines.