Human Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-containing Protein 2, NOD2 ELI

Involved in gastrointestinal immunity.

Upon stimulation by muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan, binds the proximal adapter receptor-interacting RIPK2, which recruits ubiquitin ligases as XIAP, BIRC2, BIRC3, INAVA and the LUBAC complex, triggering activation of MAP kinases and activation of NF-kappa-B signaling.

This in turn leads to the transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes involved in immune response.

Required for MDP-induced NLRP1-dependent CASP1 activation and IL1B release in macrophages (PubMed: 18511561).

Component of an autophagy-mediated antibacterial pathway together with ATG16L1 (PubMed: 20637199).

Plays also a role in sensing single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from viruses.

Interacts with mitochondrial antiviral signaling/MAVS, leading to activation of interferon regulatory factor-3/IRF3 and expression of type I interferon (PubMed: 19701189).