Rat Chromogranin-A, CGA ELI

Strongly inhibits glucose induced insulin release from the pancreas. Catestatin inhibits catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons by acting as a non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist.

Can induce mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines. Serpinin regulates granule biogenesis in endocrine cells by up-regulating the transcription of protease nexin 1 (SERPINE2) via a cAMP-PKA-SP1 pathway.

This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation (By similarity). Serpinin and pGlu-serpinin can enhance both myocardial contractility (inotropy) and relaxation (lusitropy) and this cardio-stimulation requires a beta 1-adrenergic receptor/adenylate cyclase/cAMP/PKA pathway (PubMed:22459152).